A wide variety of applications ranging from electric vehicles and portable devices to wearable devices impose ever-increasing demand for high-energy-density battery technologies. Due to the lowest electrochemical potential and the highest theoretical specific capacity, lithium (Li) metal has been recognized as the ultimate choice of anode to achieve high-energy-density battery systems.

With the rapid growth of the digital economy, developing rechargeable batteries with stable and high energy has been pushed to an extremely urgent level. LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the utmost successful cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its several inherent advantages, including ultra-high tapping density, high-voltage plateau, and ease of mass production.